Food Intolerances

This Food Intolerance Check includes 96 IgG intolerances to the following: Dairy: Casein, Cheddar Cheese, Cow’s Milk, Goat’s Milk, Whey. Fish/Shellfish: Clam, Cod, Crab, Halibut, Lobster, Salmon, Scallop, Shrimp, Sole, Trout, Tuna Grains/Legumes/Nuts: Almond, Barley, Buckwheat, Chestnut, Chickpea, Coconut, Corn, Gliadin, Wheat, Gluten, Wheat, Green Bean, Green Pea, Hazelnut, Kidney Bean, Lentil, Lima Bean, Oat, Peanut, Pecan, Pinto Bean, Rye, Soybean, Spelt, Walnut, Wheat, Whole, White Rice Fruits: Apple, Apricot, Banana, Blueberry, Cranberry, Grapefruit, Grape, Lemon, Olive, Orange, Papaya, Peach, Pear, Pineapple, Plum, Raspberry, Strawberry Meat/Poultry: Beef, Chicken, Lamb, Pork, Turkey Egg: Egg White, Chicken, Egg Yolk, Chicken, Egg Whole, Duck Misc/Herbs/Spices: Baker’s / Brewer’s Yeast, Button Mushroom, Cane Sugar, Cocoa Bean (Chocolate), Coffee Bean, Flaxseed, Ginger, Honey, Oregano, Sesame Seed, Sunflower Seed Vegetables: Asparagus, Avocado, Beet, Broccoli / Brussel Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrot, Cauliflower, Celery, Cucumber, Garlic, Green Bell Pepper, Lettuce, Onion, Pumpkin, Spinach, Sweet Potato, Tomato, White Potato Candida Screen: Candida Albicans

Intestinal Permeability (Leaky Gut)

This urine test assesses levels of a synthetic sugar and mannitol that can be used to monitor improvements or deterioration in intestinal permeability.

This urine test measures:

• Lactulose Recovery

  Lactulose is a ‘large’ molecule, and only small levels should be absorbed by the gut and excreted into the urine.

• Mannitol Recovery

  Mannitol is a ‘small’ molecule which is readily absorbed by the gut and subsequently excreted into the urine.

• Recovery Ratio

  Where ‘leaky gut’ is present, the large synthetic sugar molecules can penetrate the gut lining and are recovered in the urine, resulting in a high recovery ratio.

SIBO Lactulose Breath Test

The lactulose test is used to measure oro-caecal transit time (OCTT) – this is the time interval between ingestion of lactulose and rise in breath hydrogen. Prolonged OCTT has been associated with SIBO.

This lactulose breath test measures:

• Hydrogen increase over baseline by 90 mins

  Bacteria in the small intestine produce hydrogen and methane gas when exposed to lactulose. Hydrogen excretion is indicated by >20ppm sustained rise upon lactulose challenge.

• Peak methane level at any point

  Bacteria in the small intestine produce hydrogen and methane gas when exposed to lactulose. Methane excretion is indicated by >10ppm sustained rise upon lactulose challenge.

• OCTT (oro-caecal transit time)

  Normal OCTT (the time it takes for lactulose to pass through the gut) in healthy adults is approx 60-120min.

Faecal Macroscopy

Faecal macroscopy examines the physical appearance of the stool, including colour, form, mucus content, and hidden (occult) blood. These visible features offer valuable insights into digestion, gut lining integrity, and the presence of irritation or inflammation. Changes in stool appearance can often be early signs of underlying digestive issues.

This stool test measures:

• Stool Colour

  Stool colour can provide important clues about digestion, gut health, and how well the body is absorbing nutrients. Changes in colour may signal issues like bile flow problems, infections, or imbalances in the gut microbiome.

• Stool Form

  Stool form is an important indicator of digestive health and how efficiently the body is processing food and waste. Abnormal stool shapes can signal issues like dehydration, gut inflammation, slow or fast transit time, or imbalances in the microbiome.

• Mucous

  The presence of mucus in stool can be a sign of irritation or inflammation in the gut lining. While small amounts can be normal, larger or frequent amounts may indicate conditions like infections, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Faecal Occult Blood

  Occult blood refers to hidden blood in the stool that isn’t visible to the eye but can signal bleeding somewhere in the digestive tract. Its presence may indicate conditions like polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers, or early signs of colorectal cancer, making it an important marker for further investigation.

Short Chain Fatty Acids

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important compounds produced by gut bacteria when they ferment fibre, helping to nourish the gut lining, regulate inflammation, and support immune function. Healthy SCFA levels are linked to better digestion, stronger gut barrier integrity, and reduced risk of chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and colorectal cancer.

This stool test measures:

• Short Chain Fatty Acids

  Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by gut bacteria when they ferment fiber, helping to nourish the gut lining, control inflammation, and support immune health. Healthy SCFA levels are linked to better digestion, stronger gut barriers, and lower risk of chronic diseases.

• Butyrate

  Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria when they break down dietary fiber. It plays a crucial role in nourishing colon cells, reducing inflammation, strengthening the gut barrier, and supporting overall digestive and immune health.

• Acetate

  Acetate is the most abundant short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria during the fermentation of fiber. It supports gut health, helps regulate appetite and metabolism, and acts as a building block for other beneficial compounds in the body.

• Propionate

  Propionate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria during the fermentation of dietary fiber. It helps regulate blood sugar levels, supports metabolism, and has anti-inflammatory effects that benefit both gut and overall health.

• Valerate

  Valerate is a lesser-known short-chain fatty acid produced in small amounts by gut bacteria during the fermentation of fiber and protein. It plays a minor role in supporting gut health and may help maintain a balanced microbial environment.

Gut Functional Markers

Gut functional markers assess how well the gut is performing its key roles in digestion, absorption, and immune defence. They measure important indicators such as enzyme activity, inflammation levels, gut barrier function, and detoxification capacity. Together, these markers provide a clearer picture of overall digestive system health.

This stool test measures:

• Faecal Calprotectin

  Faecal calprotectin is a marker of gut inflammation, helping to differentiate between inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease and non-inflammatory issues like IBS. Elevated levels suggest active inflammation and may warrant further investigation.

• Pancreatic Elastase

  Pancreatic elastase tells us how well your pancreas is producing digestive enzymes. Low levels mean you might not be digesting food properly, leading to gut symptoms and nutrient problems.

• Faecal Secretory IgA

  Faecal Secretory IgA measures how strong your gut’s immune defense is — acting like a “security system” for your digestive tract. Too low or too high can signal imbalance or stress in the gut.

• Zonulin

  Zonulin controls how tightly your gut cells are sealed. Elevated levels suggest your gut lining is “leaky,” letting unwanted substances into the body, which can drive inflammation and immune problems.

• b-Glucuronidase

  β-Glucuronidase is a gut enzyme that can cause toxins and hormones to be recycled instead of eliminated. High levels suggest a need to support detoxification and balance gut bacteria.

• Steatocrit

  Steatocrit measures how much fat is in your stool. High levels suggest your body isn’t digesting or absorbing fats properly, which could affect energy levels, nutrient status, and gut health.

• a-Transglutaminase IgA

  α-Transglutaminase IgA helps detect if your gut immune system is reacting to gluten. High levels suggest gluten sensitivity or possible coeliac-related gut damage, even if blood tests are normal.

• pH

  Imbalances in gut pH influence short chain fatty acid production and their effect.

Microbial Diversity

Microbial diversity reflects the variety and richness of different bacterial species living in the gut. A diverse microbiome is associated with stronger immunity, better digestion, reduced inflammation, and improved resilience against disease. Supporting a wide range of beneficial microbes is key to long-term gut health.

This stool test measures:

• Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes Ratio

  The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio is a key indicator of how well your gut is supporting digestion, metabolism, and overall health. A balanced ratio helps maintain a healthy weight, strong immunity, and a resilient gut environment.

• Bacteroidetes

  Bacteroidetes are a major group of gut bacteria that help break down complex carbohydrates and support digestion. A healthy level of Bacteroidetes is linked to better gut health and metabolism.

• Firmicutes

  Firmicutes are a major group of gut bacteria involved in breaking down dietary fats and supporting energy absorption. Their balance with other bacteria, like Bacteroidetes, plays an important role in digestion, metabolism, and overall gut health.

• Actinobacteria

  Actinobacteria are a group of beneficial gut bacteria that help break down complex plant fibers and support gut and immune health. They include important species like Bifidobacteria, which play a key role in maintaining a balanced microbiome.

• Proteobacteria

  Proteobacteria are a group of gut bacteria that include both normal residents and potential pathogens. Elevated levels are often linked to gut imbalance, inflammation, and digestive issues.

• Verrucomicrobia

  Verrucomicrobia are a smaller group of gut bacteria, best known for including Akkermansia muciniphila, a species linked to gut lining health and reduced inflammation. Healthy levels of Verrucomicrobia are associated with better metabolism, immune balance, and gut barrier function.

• Euryarchaeota

  Euryarchaeota are a group of microorganisms called archaea, naturally found in the human gut, that help break down food and produce gases like methane. While some are normal, an overgrowth can contribute to symptoms like bloating, constipation, or SIBO.

Parasites

Parasites can disrupt digestion, nutrient absorption, and gut lining integrity, sometimes without obvious symptoms. Detecting parasitic infections early allows for prompt treatment to restore gut function and prevent further health complications. Regular screening is important, especially for those with chronic digestive or immune symptoms.

This stool test measures:

• Cryptosporidium

  Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that can infect the intestines and cause watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and dehydration. It spreads through contaminated water, food, or surfaces and is a common cause of gastrointestinal illness worldwide.

• Entamoeba histolytica

  Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic amoeba that can infect the intestines and cause symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and, in severe cases, liver abscesses. It is typically spread through contaminated food or water, particularly in areas with poor sanitation.

• Giardia intestinalis

  Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that infects the small intestine and can cause diarrhea, bloating, stomach cramps, and fatigue. It is commonly transmitted through contaminated water, food, or contact with infected surfaces.

• Blastocystis hominis

  Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal parasite that can live harmlessly in the gut but may cause symptoms like diarrhoea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort in some people. Its role in gut health is still being studied, as it can be found in both healthy individuals and those with digestive issues.

• Dientamoeba fragilis

  Dientamoeba fragilis is a microscopic parasite that can infect the large intestine and may cause symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloating, and fatigue. It is often transmitted through close contact or contaminated food and water, though some people can carry it without symptoms.

• Endolimax nana

  Endolimax nana is a microscopic amoeba found in the human gut that is usually considered harmless but can sometimes be associated with mild digestive symptoms. It is generally acquired through ingestion of contaminated food or water.

• Entamoeba coli

  Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic amoeba commonly found in the human gut that does not cause disease. Its presence typically indicates exposure to contaminated food or water, but it usually does not require treatment.

• Pentatrichomonas hominis

  Pentatrichomonas hominis is a protozoan parasite found in the large intestine, generally considered non-harmful in healthy individuals. However, in some cases, it may be associated with mild digestive symptoms like diarrhoea or abdominal discomfort, particularly in people with weakened gut health.

Worms

Intestinal worms can cause a range of digestive and immune issues, particularly if left undetected. Identifying and addressing worm infections helps restore proper nutrient absorption and gut balance. Screening for worms is an important step in protecting overall digestive health.

This stool test measures:

• Roundworm - Ancylostoma duodenale

  Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) infects the intestines, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia, typically through contact with contaminated soil.

• Roundworm - Ascaris lumbricoides

  Ascaris lumbricoides, a large roundworm, causes abdominal pain, bloating, and nutrient malabsorption, spreading through contaminated food, water, or soil.

• Whipworm - Trichuris trichiura

  Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) infects the large intestine, causing diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and anemia, typically from contaminated food or soil.

• Enterocytozoon

  Enterocytozoon species (microsporidia) are parasites that infect the intestines, causing diarrhoea and digestive upset, especially in those with weakened immune systems.

• Roundworm - Strongyloides

  Strongyloides species are roundworms causing chronic infections with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and skin rashes, typically spread through contaminated soil.

• Hookworm - Necator americanus

  Necator americanus, a hookworm, infects the intestines, causing abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and anemia, typically from skin contact with contaminated soil.

• Pinworm - Enterobius vermicularis

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) causes itching around the anus, spreading through contaminated hands, surfaces, and bedding, especially in children.

• Tapeworm - Hymenolepis

  Hymenolepis species are small tapeworms causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, typically from contaminated food, water, or surfaces.

• Tapeworm - Taenia

  Taenia species are tapeworms from undercooked beef or pork, causing digestive symptoms and, in rare cases, serious complications if larvae spread.

Opportunistic Bacteria

Opportunistic bacteria are strains that are normally harmless in small amounts but can cause problems if they overgrow. Elevated levels may contribute to digestive symptoms, inflammation, or disruptions in the gut microbiome balance. Monitoring these bacteria helps protect gut health and prevent chronic issues.

This stool test measures:

• Bacillus species

  Bacillus species are a group of bacteria commonly found in soil, food, and the human gut, with some strains supporting digestion and gut balance. However, certain Bacillus strains can become opportunistic and cause infections if the immune system is weakened or the gut microbiome is disrupted.

• Enterococcus Faecalis

  Enterococcus faecalis is a type of bacteria naturally found in the human gut that helps with digestion and maintaining microbial balance. However, if it overgrows or spreads outside the gut, it can cause infections, particularly in the urinary tract or bloodstream.

• Enterococcus Faecium

  Enterococcus faecium is a gut bacterium that normally supports digestion and microbial balance but can become harmful if it overgrows. It is also known for its ability to cause infections outside the gut, particularly in hospital settings where antibiotic resistance can be a concern.

• Morganella species

  Morganella species are bacteria that are part of the normal gut flora but can become opportunistic pathogens if they overgrow. In some cases, they may contribute to infections, digestive upset, or imbalances in the gut microbiome.

• Pseudomonas species

  Pseudomonas species are bacteria commonly found in the environment and sometimes in the gut, where they are usually harmless in small amounts. However, overgrowth can lead to infections or contribute to gut imbalance, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections in the gut, lungs, and other parts of the body, especially in people with weakened immune systems. In the gut, its overgrowth may contribute to inflammation, digestive issues, and microbial imbalance.

• Staphylococcus species

  Staphylococcus species are bacteria commonly found on the skin, in the nose, and occasionally in the gut, where they are usually harmless. However, under certain conditions, they can overgrow and contribute to infections or gut imbalance.

• Staphylococcus aureus

  Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that can live harmlessly on the skin and in the gut but can cause infections if it overgrows or enters the bloodstream. In the gut, its presence at high levels may be linked to inflammation, digestive symptoms, and disruption of the microbiome.

• Streptococcus agalactiae

  Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a bacterium that can naturally exist in the gut and reproductive tract. While often harmless in healthy adults, it can sometimes cause infections, particularly in newborns, pregnant women, or individuals with weakened immune systems.

• Streptococcus anginosus

  Streptococcus anginosus is a type of bacteria normally found in the mouth, gut, and respiratory tract, often without causing harm. However, if it overgrows or moves to other areas, it can contribute to infections such as abscesses or inflammatory conditions.

• Streptococcus mutans

  Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium commonly found in the mouth and is best known for its role in tooth decay by producing acid that damages tooth enamel. Although primarily linked to oral health, it can occasionally be detected in the gut and may contribute to microbial imbalance if present in high amounts.

• Streptococcus oralis

  Streptococcus oralis is a common bacterium found in the mouth and throat that generally helps maintain a healthy balance of oral microbes. While usually harmless, it can sometimes contribute to infections if it enters the bloodstream or overgrows in vulnerable individuals.

• Streptococcus salivarius

  Streptococcus salivarius is a beneficial bacterium found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract that supports oral and throat health. It helps maintain microbial balance and can protect against harmful bacteria by producing natural antimicrobial substances.

• Methanobrevibacter smithii

  Methanobrevibacter smithii is a type of archaea commonly found in the human gut that helps break down complex carbohydrates by producing methane gas. While it plays a role in digestion, high levels have been associated with conditions like constipation and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

• Desulfovibrio piger

  Desulfovibrio piger is a sulfate-reducing bacterium found in the gut that produces hydrogen sulfide gas during digestion. In small amounts, it can be part of a normal microbiome, but overgrowth may contribute to gut inflammation, bloating, and digestive discomfort.

• Enterobacter cloacae complex

  Enterobacter cloacae complex refers to a group of bacteria naturally found in the gut, but which can become opportunistic pathogens under certain conditions. Overgrowth or spread outside the gut may lead to infections, particularly in the urinary tract, lungs, or bloodstream.

Potential Autoimmune Triggers

Some gut bacteria have been associated with triggering autoimmune responses when present in high levels. Identifying these microbes can offer early insights into autoimmune risk and guide personalised strategies to reduce inflammation and protect immune system balance. Keeping these bacteria in check is important for long-term health resilience.

This stool test measures:

• Citrobacter species

  Citrobacter species are bacteria naturally found in the gut that are usually harmless but can become opportunistic pathogens if they overgrow. In some cases, they may contribute to urinary tract infections, digestive disturbances, or gut microbiome imbalance.

• Citrobacter freundii

  Citrobacter freundii is a bacterium found in the gut and environment that is normally harmless but can cause infections if it overgrows or spreads to other parts of the body. High levels in the gut may contribute to inflammation, digestive issues, or gut dysbiosis.

• Klebsiella species

  Klebsiella species are bacteria commonly found in the gut, mouth, and environment that can be harmless in small amounts. However, overgrowth in the gut is linked to digestive issues, inflammation, and an increased risk of infections.

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

  Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that can live harmlessly in the gut but is known for its ability to cause infections, particularly in the lungs, urinary tract, and bloodstream. In the gut, overgrowth may contribute to inflammation, dysbiosis, and digestive symptoms.

• Prevotella copri

  Prevotella copri is a type of gut bacterium involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates and fibre. While it can support digestion, an overgrowth of Prevotella copri has been linked to inflammation and conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and rheumatoid arthritis in some individuals.

• Proteus species

  Proteus species are bacteria that are part of the normal gut flora but can become opportunistic pathogens if they overgrow. In excess, they may contribute to digestive disturbances, urinary tract infections, and imbalances in the gut microbiome.

• Proteus mirabilis

  Proteus mirabilis is a bacterium that can live harmlessly in the gut but is better known for causing urinary tract infections and, occasionally, gut disturbances. Overgrowth in the gut may contribute to inflammation, dysbiosis, and digestive symptoms.

• Fusobacterium species

  Fusobacterium species are bacteria normally found in the mouth and gut, where they help maintain microbial balance in small amounts. However, overgrowth has been linked to inflammation, periodontal disease, digestive issues, and, in some studies, an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Fungi & Yeast

Yeast and fungi naturally exist in small amounts within the gut but can cause health problems if they grow unchecked. Overgrowth may lead to digestive discomfort, skin issues, fatigue, and weakened immunity. Assessing fungal balance helps identify hidden drivers of gut symptoms and supports targeted recovery.

This stool test measures:

• Candida dubliniensis

  Candida dubliniensis is a yeast that can live in the mouth, gut, and other mucosal surfaces, usually without causing problems in healthy individuals. However, overgrowth may lead to infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems or imbalanced gut flora.

• Candida glabrata

  Candida glabrata is a type of yeast that normally lives in small amounts on mucosal surfaces like the gut and mouth. However, overgrowth can lead to infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or disrupted gut microbiomes.

• Candida intermedia

  Candida intermedia is a less common yeast species that can be found in the human gut and mucosal surfaces. While typically harmless, overgrowth may contribute to gut imbalance and can cause infections, especially in those with weakened immunity.

• Candida krusei

  Candida krusei is a yeast that can naturally exist in the human gut and mucous membranes but is known for its resistance to common antifungal treatments. Overgrowth of Candida krusei may lead to digestive disturbances or systemic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

• Candida lambica

  Candida lambica is a yeast species sometimes found in the gut and mucosal surfaces, typically in small, harmless amounts. However, overgrowth can contribute to gut imbalance and may cause infections, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.

• Candida lusitaniae

  Candida lusitaniae is a yeast that can live on mucosal surfaces like the gut and is usually harmless in healthy individuals. However, it can cause infections if it overgrows, particularly in people with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions.

• Candida parapsilosis

  Candida parapsilosis is a yeast commonly found on the skin and in the gut that is usually harmless in small amounts. However, overgrowth can lead to infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or disrupted gut balance.

• Candida albicans

  Candida albicans is a common yeast naturally found in the gut, mouth, and other mucosal surfaces, where it usually lives harmlessly in balance with other microbes. However, overgrowth can cause infections like thrush, yeast infections, or contribute to gut imbalances and digestive symptoms.

• Candida famata

  Candida famata is a yeast that can be found in the gut and other mucosal surfaces, typically without causing harm. However, in cases of immune weakness or gut imbalance, it may overgrow and contribute to infections or digestive disturbances.

• Candida keyfr

  Candida kefyr is a yeast that normally lives in the gut and on mucosal surfaces, typically without causing problems. However, when gut balance is disrupted, Candida kefyr can overgrow and may contribute to digestive symptoms or infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

• Candida lipolytica

  Candida lipolytica is a yeast that can naturally exist in the environment and occasionally in the human gut. While generally harmless, it can overgrow in individuals with weakened immunity or disrupted gut balance, potentially leading to digestive or systemic infections.

• Geotrichum species

  Geotrichum species are fungi commonly found in the environment and sometimes in the human gut and mouth, usually without causing harm. However, overgrowth can contribute to gut imbalance or infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

• Rhodotorula species

  Rhodotorula species are pigmented yeasts that are commonly found in the environment and can occasionally colonise the human gut or mucosal surfaces. While usually harmless, they can cause infections if they overgrow, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, often known as baker’s or brewer’s yeast, is commonly found in the human gut and is usually considered beneficial. It can support digestion and gut health, but in some cases, overgrowth may contribute to digestive symptoms or inflammation.

Bacterial Pathogens

Pathogenic bacteria are harmful microbes that can cause acute infections, inflammation, and disrupt the gut microbiome. Detecting these bacteria early helps prevent serious illness and supports faster recovery. Managing pathogenic infections is essential for maintaining a healthy and resilient digestive system.

This stool test measures:

• Aeromonas hydrophila

  Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium commonly found in freshwater and sometimes in the human gut, where it can cause gastrointestinal infections. It is typically associated with symptoms like diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and, in some cases, more severe infections in vulnerable individuals.

• Campylobacter species

  Campylobacter species are bacteria commonly found in contaminated food, particularly poultry, and can cause foodborne infections. Infections typically lead to symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and fever, and can be more severe in people with weakened immune systems.

• Clostridium difficile Toxin A

  Clostridium difficile Toxin A is a toxin produced by Clostridium difficile bacteria, which is a major cause of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections. The toxin causes inflammation in the intestines, leading to symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, colitis or toxic megacolon.

• Clostridium difficile Toxin B

  Clostridium difficile Toxin B is a potent toxin produced by Clostridium difficile, contributing to severe gastrointestinal infections. It causes significant damage to the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and potentially life-threatening conditions such as colitis.

• Enteroaggregative E. coli

  Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is a type of pathogenic E. coli that can cause chronic diarrhea, particularly in young children and immunocompromised individuals. It is characterised by its ability to adhere to the intestinal lining in a characteristic pattern, leading to inflammation and digestive symptoms.

• Enteropathogenic E. coli

  Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a strain of E. coli that causes severe diarrhoea, especially in infants and young children. It infects the intestinal lining, leading to inflammation, dehydration, and symptoms such as stomach cramps and vomiting.

• E. coli O157

  E. coli O157 is a dangerous strain of E. coli that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness, including bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. In some cases, it can lead to complications like haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), which affects the kidneys and can be life-threatening.

• Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile

  Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile is a more aggressive strain of the bacteria that produces toxins, leading to severe gastrointestinal infections, including antibiotic-associated colitis. This strain is associated with higher rates of recurrence, increased severity, and complications like toxic megacolon and perforated bowel.

• Enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella

  Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shigella are bacteria that can invade the intestinal lining, causing severe dysentery-like symptoms, including bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Both pathogens are transmitted through contaminated food or water and can cause significant intestinal inflammation.

• Enterotoxigenic E. coli LT/ST

  Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produces toxins known as LT (heat-labile) and ST (heat-stable), which cause travelers’ diarrhea by disrupting the gut’s normal function. These toxins lead to watery diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, and nausea, often resulting from contaminated food or water.

• Salmonella species

  Salmonella species are bacteria that can cause foodborne illnesses, leading to symptoms such as diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal cramps. They are typically transmitted through contaminated food, especially raw meat, eggs, or unpasteurised dairy products.

• Shiga-like Toxin E. coli

  Shiga-like Toxin E. coli (STEC) produces toxins that damage the intestinal lining, causing symptoms such as bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. In severe cases, it can lead to complications like haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), which can affect the kidneys and be life-threatening.

• Vibrio species

  Vibrio species are bacteria commonly found in marine environments and can cause foodborne infections, particularly through the consumption of undercooked seafood. Infections may lead to symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, with some species causing more severe conditions like cholera.

• Yersinia species

  Yersinia species are bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal infections, leading to symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. Yersinia enterocolitica, in particular, is commonly transmitted through contaminated food, especially undercooked pork, and can cause more severe illness in vulnerable individuals.

Helicobacter Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a common stomach bacterium associated with ulcers, digestive discomfort, and inflammation. Testing for H. pylori helps determine if treatment is needed to restore stomach health and prevent complications like gastritis or more serious conditions. Managing H. pylori can greatly improve overall digestive wellbeing.

This stool test measures:

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, babA

  BabA is a virulence factor that enables H. pylori to bind to the stomach lining, promoting infection and increasing the risk of ulcers and gastric cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, oipA

  OipA is a virulence factor that helps H. pylori adhere to the stomach lining, contributing to inflammation and increasing the risk of ulcers and gastric cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, virB

  VirB is a virulence factor that helps H. pylori inject harmful proteins into host cells, contributing to inflammation and enhancing its ability to cause stomach ulcers and cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, cagA

  CagA is a virulence factor in H. pylori that disrupts stomach cell signaling, leading to inflammation, ulcers, and an increased risk of gastric cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, iceA

  IceA is a virulence factor in H. pylori that contributes to inflammation and enhances the bacterium’s ability to persist in the stomach, potentially leading to ulcers and gastric cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, vacA

  VacA is a virulence factor in H. pylori that disrupts the stomach lining by inducing cell death and inflammation, contributing to the development of ulcers and gastric cancer.

• H.pylori Virulence Factor, virD

  VirD is a virulence factor in H. pylori that plays a role in the bacterium’s ability to transfer DNA to host cells, enhancing its capacity to cause infection and contribute to gastric diseases.

Viral Pathogens

Certain viruses can infect the gastrointestinal tract and contribute to inflammation, digestive symptoms, and immune system strain. Identifying viral infections supports a clearer understanding of gut health and helps guide appropriate immune support strategies. Early detection can help minimise long-term effects on gut function.

This stool test measures:

• Adenovirus 40/41

  Adenovirus 40/41 are viruses that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea, especially in young children. They are typically associated with viral gastroenteritis and can contribute to digestive symptoms like cramping and dehydration.

• Norovirus GI/II

  Norovirus GI/II are common viruses that cause gastroenteritis, leading to symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach pain. They are highly contagious and a frequent cause of outbreaks of stomach flu.

• Rotavirus A

  Rotavirus A is a virus that primarily causes severe diarrhoea and vomiting, especially in infants and young children. It is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and can lead to dehydration if not managed properly.

• Sapovirus (I,II,IV,V)

  Sapovirus is a virus that can cause gastroenteritis, leading to symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. It is most common in children but can affect people of all ages, especially in group settings like schools and care facilities.

• Astrovirus

  Astrovirus is a virus that causes mild to moderate gastroenteritis, particularly in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. It typically leads to symptoms like diarrhoea, nausea, and stomach pain.

Normal Bacterial Gut Flora

A healthy gut microbiome is rich in beneficial bacteria that aid digestion, produce important nutrients, and support immune function. Measuring the levels and balance of these bacteria helps assess the resilience and health of the gut ecosystem. Strong levels of beneficial flora are linked to better digestion, mood balance, and disease prevention.

This stool test measures:

• Bacteroides fragilis

  Bacteroides fragilis is a common gut bacterium that plays an important role in breaking down complex molecules and supporting immune system development. In healthy amounts, it helps maintain gut balance, but overgrowth can sometimes contribute to inflammation or infection.

• Bifidobacterium adolescentis

  Bifidobacterium adolescentis is a beneficial gut bacterium that helps break down complex carbohydrates and produce important short-chain fatty acids. It supports digestive health, immune balance, and may help reduce inflammation in the gut.

• Bifidobacterium bifidum

  Bifidobacterium bifidum is a beneficial gut bacterium that supports digestion, strengthens the gut barrier, and helps regulate the immune system. It is one of the first bacteria to colonise the gut after birth and plays a key role in maintaining overall gut and immune health throughout life.

• Bifidobacterium breve

  Bifidobacterium breve is a beneficial gut bacterium known for helping digest complex carbohydrates and producing nutrients like short-chain fatty acids. It supports a healthy gut environment, boosts immune function, and may help protect against harmful bacteria and inflammation.

• Bifidobacterium longum

  Bifidobacterium longum is a beneficial gut bacterium that helps break down dietary fiber, produce important nutrients, and support immune health. It also plays a role in reducing inflammation and protecting the gut lining, contributing to overall digestive wellbeing.

• Enterococcus species

  Enterococcus species are a group of bacteria that naturally live in the gut and help with digestion and maintaining a balanced microbiome. However, if they overgrow or move outside the gut, they can sometimes cause infections or contribute to gut imbalance.

• Escherichia species

  Escherichia species, including Escherichia coli, are common gut bacteria that play a role in nutrient absorption and maintaining a healthy gut environment. While most strains are harmless and even beneficial, some can cause infections or digestive symptoms if they become imbalanced.

• Lactobacillus acidophilus

  Lactobacillus acidophilus is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that helps maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria, supports digestion, and boosts immune function. It also produces lactic acid, which helps protect the gut from harmful microbes and promotes overall digestive health.

• Lactobacillus casei

  Lactobacillus casei is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that supports healthy digestion, helps break down lactose, and strengthens the gut’s natural defenses. It also contributes to maintaining a balanced gut environment and promoting immune health.

• Lactobacillus delbrueckii

  Lactobacillus delbrueckii is a beneficial bacterium commonly found in fermented foods and the gut, where it helps support digestion and maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria. It produces lactic acid, which protects the gut environment and promotes overall digestive health.

• Lactobacillus plantarum

  Lactobacillus plantarum is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that supports digestion, strengthens the gut barrier, and helps reduce inflammation. It also plays a role in protecting the gut against harmful microbes and promoting overall gut and immune health.

• Lactobacillus rhamnosus

  Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a well-studied probiotic bacterium known for supporting digestive health, boosting immune function, and helping protect against harmful bacteria. It is also commonly used to help manage symptoms like diarrhea, gut inflammation, and food sensitivities.

• Lactobacillus salivarius

  Lactobacillus salivarius is a beneficial probiotic bacterium that helps maintain a healthy balance of gut and oral microbiota. It supports digestion, strengthens the immune system, and produces compounds that help protect against harmful bacteria.

• Clostridium species

  Clostridium species are a diverse group of bacteria naturally found in the gut, with some strains playing important roles in fiber breakdown and short-chain fatty acid production. However, certain Clostridium strains can become harmful if they overgrow, potentially leading to inflammation or digestive disturbances.

• Oxalobacter formigenes

  Oxalobacter formigenes is a beneficial gut bacterium that helps break down oxalates, compounds found in many plant foods. By reducing oxalate levels, it may help lower the risk of kidney stone formation and support overall urinary and gut health.

• Akkermansia muciniphila

  Akkermansia muciniphila is a beneficial gut bacterium that plays a key role in maintaining the gut lining and supporting a healthy immune response. Higher levels of Akkermansia are associated with better metabolism, reduced inflammation, and improved gut barrier function.

• Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

  Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most important beneficial bacteria in the gut, known for producing butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that nourishes the gut lining and reduces inflammation. High levels of this bacterium are associated with better gut health, stronger immunity, and protection against chronic diseases.